Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Mind map pdf for free
By - Mridul Tiwari
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Strategies for Enhancement in food production is a chapter which tells you about different methods that we apply to produce food for billions of people around the world.
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The most important topics in this chapter include -
1. Inbreeding, Outbreeding, Out-Crossing, and Cross-Breeding
2. MOET - Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer
3. Varieties of Wheat, Rice, Sugarcane used in Green Revolution
4. Table 9.1 and 9.2 - Pest Resistant crops and Disease resistant crops
5. SCPs - Single Celled Proteins
A good part of this chapter is Disease resistant and Pest resistant varieties. There are two tables which tells us about the crops which are resistant to diseases caused by certain bacteria or viruses and also crop varieties which are resistant to certain insects like aphid, jassids, fruit borer, shoot borer etc.
Trick to learn the table -
Plant breeding dates back to 9,000-11,000 years ago. Plant breeding may be used to create varieties, which are resistant to pathogens and to insect pests. This increases the yield of the food. This method has also been used to increase the protein content of the plant foods and thereby enhance the quality of food.
SCPs - Blue-green algae like Spirulina can be grown easily on materials like waste water from potato processing plants (containing starch), straw, molasses, animal manure and even sewage, to produce large quantities and can serve as food rich in protein, minerals, fats, carbohydrate and vitamins.
MOET - in this process, cattle like a cow is administered hormones, with FSH-like activity, to induce follicular maturation and super ovulation , i.e instead of one egg, which they normally yield per cycle, they produce 6-8 eggs. The animal is either mated with an elite bull or artificially inseminated. The fertilised eggs at 8–32 cells stages, are recovered non-surgically and transferred to surrogate mothers.
Inbreeding depression - continued inbreeding reduces fertility and even productivity. This is called Inbreeding Depression. Whenever this becomes a problem, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with unrelated superior animals of the same breed. This usually helps restore fertility and yield.
Out-breeding is the breeding of unrelated animals, which may be between individuals of same breed but, having no common ancestors or between different breeds (cross breeding) or different species (interspecific hybridisation).
Out-crossing- this is the practice of mating of animals within the same breed but having no common ancestors on either side of their pedigree up to 4-6 generation. The offspring are called out-cross.
Cross breeding- superior male of one breed are mated with superior female of another females of another breed. Cross breeding allows the desirable qualities of two breeds to be combined.
Interspecific hybridisation- male and female animals of two different species are mated. The progeny may combine desirable features of both and parents. Ex- mule.
Controlled breeding experiments are carried out using artificial insemination. The semen is collected from the male that is chosen as a parent and injected into the reproductive tract of the selected female by the breeder.
Bee-keeping : Bee-keeping or apiculture is the maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey. Honey is a food of high nutritive value and also finds use in the indigenous systems of medicine. It also produces beeswax.
The most common species of honey bee is Apis indica.
Single Cell Protien (SCP)
Alternate source of protien for animal and human nutrition. Microbes are grown on industrial scale as a source of good protien. Microbes like spirullina can be grown easily on materials like waste water from potato processing plants having strach, molasses, animal manure and even sewage to produce large quantities and can serve as food rich in protien, minerals, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins.
Methylophilus methylotrophus has high rate of biomass production and growth,it can be expected to produce 25 tonnes of protein by 250 g of microorganism.
Tissue Culture
The capacity to generate whole plants form any cell/explant is called totipotency. Thousands of plants can be produced from expalnts in short interval of time using suitable nutrient medium, aseptic condition and use of phytohormones. This method of producing thousands of plant is called micropropagation. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant from which they were grown, i.e., they are somaclones. Many important food plants like tomato, banana, apple.
Meristem Culture - the recovery of healthy plants from diseased plants can be done by mersitem culture .Although the plant is infected with a virus, the meristem (apical and axillary) is free of virus. Hence, one can remove the meristem and grow it in vitro to obtain virus-free plants
Somatic Hybridisation
Isolation of single cells from their plants and after digesting their cell wall fusing the cytoplasms of two differnet varieties is called somatic hybridisation and these hybrids are called somatic hybrids.
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