Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 and NEET

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 and NEET

This is mind map of Chapter Biotechnology: Principles and Processes of Class 12 Biology. 

This mind map is fully made from NCERT textbook of 12th grade and nothing is taken from outside.

For Best revision, first watch video of the chapter and then study mind map. To watch video, click here

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Biotechnology is an important unit for NEET and about 2-3 questions are asked from this unit.

 

This unit consist of 2 chapters - 

Biotechnology : principles and processes

Biotechnology and its applications

About 7.5% of the total weightage of NEET Biology is asked from Biotechnology. The paper had 3 questions on average appearing from this unit with a total of 12 marks.

This first chapter basically tells you about what is biotechnology and what are the processes that are involved in it. It also tells about different principles of Biotechnology. The main topics of this chapter are -

1. Principles of Biotechnology

2. Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology

3. Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology

Biotechnology deals with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans.

This chapter talks about how to make recombinant DNA, how to attach it to a vector, and then transferring it to other organisms. It also tells about how Genetic engineering and Bioprocess Engineering lead to birth of modern biotech. 

Modern biotechnology using genetically modified organisms was made possible only when man learnt to change DNA and construct recombinant DNA. This process is called recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. This process involves the use of restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, appropriate plasmid or viral vectors to isolate and insert foreign DNA into host organisms, expression of the foreign gene, purification of the gene product, i.e., the functional protein and finally making a suitable formulation for marketing.

Image credit: NCERT Biology Class 12 book

The main aim of chapter is to make us understand how to make recombinant DNA, use it for gene cloning and gene transfer. 

Here are 10 Previous year questions asked in NEET exam. Practice and analyse your preparation-

1. The cutting of DNA at specific locations became possible with the discovery of

(a) selectable markers       (b) ligases

(c) restriction enzymes     (d) probes.

2. Identify the wrong statement with regard to restriction enzymes.

(a) Each restriction enzyme functions by inspecting the length of a DNA sequence.

(b) They cut the strand of DNA at palindromic sites.

(c) They are useful in genetic engineering.

(d) Sticky ends can be joined by using DNA ligases.

3. Genetic engineering is possible, because

(a) we can cut DNA at specific sites by endonucleases like DNase I

(b) restriction endonucleases purified from bacteria can be used in vitro

(c) the phenomenon of transduction in bacteria is well understood

(d) we can see DNA by electron microscope.

4. Following statements describe the characteristics of the enzyme restriction endonuclease. Identify the incorrect statement.

(a) The enzyme recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequence in the DNA.

(b) The enzyme cuts DNA molecule at identified position within the DNA.

(c) The enzyme binds DNA at specific sites and cuts only one of the two strands.

(d) The enzyme cuts the sugar-phosphate backbone at specific sites on each strand.

5. Given below are four statements pertaining to separation of DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis. Identify the incorrect statements.

(i) DNA is negatively charged molecule and so it is loaded on gel towards the anode terminal.

(ii) DNA fragments travel along the surface of the gel whose concentration does not affect movement of DNA.

(iii)Smaller the size of DNA fragment larger is the distance it travels through it.

(iv) Pure DNA can be visualized directly by exposing UV radiation.

Choose correct answer from the options given below.

(a) (i), (iii) and (iv)        (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)

(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv)       (d) (i), (ii) and (iv)

6. The colonies of recombinant bacteria appear white in contrast to blue colonies of non-recombinant bacteria because of

(a) insertional inactivation of alpha galactosidase in recombinant bacteria

(b) inactivation of glycosidase enzyme in recombinant bacteria

(c) non-recombinant bacteria containing beta galactosidase

(d) insertional inactivation of alpha galactosidase in non-recombinant bacteria

7. In genetic engineering, the antibiotics are used

(a) as selectable markers

(b) to select healthy vectors

(c) as sequences from where replication starts

(d) to keep the cultures free of infection.

8. Which one of the following is commonly used in transfer of foreign DNA into crop plants?

(a) Meloidogyne incognita

(b) Agrobacterium tumefaciens

(c) Penicillium expansum

(d) Trichoderma harzianum

9. The correct order of steps in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is

(a) extension, denaturation, annealing

(b) annealing, extension, denaturation

(c) denaturation, extension, annealing

(d) denaturation, annealing, extension.

10. During the process of isolation of DNA, chilled ethanol is added to

(a) precipitate DNA

(b) break open the cell to release DNA

(c) facilitate action of restriction enzymes

(d) remove proteins such as histones.

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