Mind map || Plant Kingdom || Class 11 Chapter 3 Brain map

Now Revise topics in a super easy way using this mind map. It works best when you have watched video also. 

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In a nutshell, these are the topics that you will study in this mind map -

1. Algae

2. Bryophytes

3. Pteridophytes

4. Gymnosperms

5.Angiosperms

6. Plant Life Cycles 

7. Alternation of Generations

8. Types of Classifications

Artificial System of Classification

• Based on androecium structure and vegetative characters.

Natural System of Classification

• Based on natural affinities among organisms

• Included external as well as internal features

• By Geroge Bentham and J.D. Hooker

Phylogenetic System of Classification

• Based on evolutionary relationships between the various organisms 

• By Engler and Prantl 

Numerical Taxonomy :

• Carried out using computers

• Based on all observable characteristics

• Data processed after assigning number and codes to all the characters.

• Advantages : Each character gets equal importance and a number of Characters can be considered.

Cytotaxonomy :

• Based on cytological informations.

• Gives importance to chromosome number, structure and behaviour.

Chemotaxonomy :

• Based on Chemical constituents of the plants

Algae - 

1. Help in carbon dioxide fixation by carrying out photosynthesis and have immense economic importance.

2. At least half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth carried out by them.

3. Increases dissolved oxygen level in their environment.

4. Many species like Laminaria, Sargassum, Porphyra etc. are used as food.

5. Agar obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria which is used in ice-creams and jellies and to grow microbes.

6. Algin obtained from brown algae and carrageen from red algae used commercially as hydrocolloids.

7. Chlorella and Spirullina are unicellular algae, rich in protein and used even by space travellers.

8. Algae are unicellular like Chlamydomonas, colonial like Volvox or or filamentous like spirogyra and Ulothrix. Occur in water, soil, wood moist stones etc.

Algae are divided into 3 classes.

(i) Chlorophyceae

 1.Green algae, Main pigment is chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’.

 2. Cell wall has inner layer of cellulose and outer layer of pectose.

 3. Has pyrenoids made up of starch and proteins.

 4. Pigment and pyrenoids are located in Chloroplast.

e.g., Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Chara.

(ii) Phaeophyceae

1. These are called Brown algae are brown coloured due to main pigments chlorophyll ‘a’,‘c’ and fucoxanthin (xanthophyll)

2. Cell wall has cellulose with gelantionous coating of algin.

3. Has mannitol and laminarin (complex carbohydrate) as reserve food material.

4. Body divisible into holdfast, stipe and frond.

 e.g., Ectocarpus, Fucus, Laminaria, Dictyota, Sargassum

(iii) Rhodophyceae

1. Red algae are red coloured due to pigments chlorophyll ‘a’, ‘d’ and r-phycoerythrin.

2. Found on surface as well great depths in oceans.

3. Cell wall has cellulose.

4. Reserve food material is floridean starch.

 e.g., Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gelidium,Gracilaria.

Image credit: NCERT Biology class 11

Bryophytes : 

1. Called Amphibians of plant kingdom.

2. Occur in damp, humid and shaded places.

3. Have true roots, stem or leaves.

4. Main plant body is haploid and thallus like (prostrate or erect)

5. Economic Importance : Food for herbaceous animals.

6. Sphagnum in from of peat is used as fuel and also used as packing material for trans-shipment of living material, as it has water holding capacity.

Pteridophytes :

1. First terrestrial plants.

2. Prefer cool, damp and shady places to grow.

3. Grown as ornamentals.

4. Used for medicinal purpose, as soil binder.

5. Main plant body is sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.

6. Leaves may be small as in Selaginella or large as in ferms.

7. Sporangia having spores are subtended by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls. (Sporphylls may be arranged to form strobili or cones.)

8. In Sporangia, the spore mother cells give to spores after meiosis.

Gymnosperms :

1. Have naked seeds as the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed.

2. Includes shrubs and trees (medium and tall sized).

3. Have generally tap roots, stem may be unbranched (Cycas) or branched (Pinus, Cedrus), leaves–needle like (Pinus) and pinnate (Cycas).

4. Roots of Pinus have fungal association in the form of mycorrhiza.

5. Cycas have small specialized roots called coralloid root which are associated with N2 fixing cyanobacteria.

6. Heterosporous–Produce haploid microspores and megaspores.

7. Male cone has microsporophylls which bear microsporangia having microspores which develop into reduced gametophyte called pollengrain.

8. Female cone has megasporophylls which bear megasporongia having megaspores which are enclosed within the megasporangium (Nucellus).

9. One megaspore develops into female gametophyte bearing two or more archegonia.

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Plant kingdom includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Algae are chlorophyll-bearing simple, thalloid, autotrophic and mostly aquatic organisms. 

Depending on the type of pigment possesed and the type of stored food, algae are classfied into three classes, namely Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae. 

Bryophytes includes mosses and liverworts. They are also called amphibians of the plant kingdom because these plants depend on water for sexual reproduction.

Pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns. They are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues – xylem and phloem.

Gymnosperms are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed, both before and after fertilisation

1. An example of colonial alga is

(a) Volvox             (b) Ulothrix

(c) Spirogyra        (d) Chlorella.

2. Algae have cells made up of

(a) cellulose, galactans and mannans

(b) hemicellulose, pectins and proteins

(c) pectins, cellulose and proteins

(d) cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins.

3. Which one of the following statements is wrong?

(a) Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the immediate environment.

(b) Algin is obtained from red algae, and carrageenan from brown algae.

(c) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria.

(d) Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.

4. Mannitol is the stored food in

(a) Porphyra           (b) Fucus

(c) Gracillaria          (d) Chara

5. Bryophytes are dependent on water, because

(a) water is essential for their vegetative propagation

(b) the sperms can easily reach upto egg in the archegonium

(c) archegonium has to remain filled with water for fertilization

(d) water is essential for fertilization for their homosporous nature.

6. Which one of the following is heterosporous?

(a) Adiantum         (b) Equisetum

(c) Dryopteris        (d) Salvinia

7. Which one of the following has haplontic life cycle?

(a) Polytrichum     (b) Ustilago

(c) Wheat                 (d) Funaria

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