By - Mridul Tiwari
PDF of Mind map is given at end of this page.
Reproduction in Organisms
In this chapter, we study about two types of reproduction seen in plants and animals -
Sexual Reproduction and Asexual Reproduction
Life span - period from birth to the natural death of an organism is life span. Life span doesn't depend on size of the organism, like crow is similar in size to parrot, however life span of crow is 15 years while parrot lives average life of 140 years.
Reproduction is a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself.
Asexual reproduction doesn't involve fusion of gametes Or fertilization. The offsprings formed in asexual reproduction are similar to their parents and also similar to one another. There is no variation.
However, in sexual reproduction, fertilization is must. In fertilization, male gamete fuses to female gamete giving rise to single celled zygote. Variations are commonly seen in offsprings produced by sexual reproduction.
Some methods of asexual reproduction - Binary fission, Budding, sporulation, gemmules, conidia, regeneration atc.
In plants, word vegetative reproduction is used instead of asexual reproduction. Vegetative propagation includes methods like runner, rhizome, sucker, tuber, offset, bulb etc.
Prokaryotes and unicellular organisms reproduce asexually by cell division or binary fission of the parent cell
Sexual reproduction involves the formation and fusion of gametes. It is a complex and slower process as compared to asexual reproduction. Most of the higher animals reproduce almost entirely by sexual method.
Sexual reproduction can be divided into pre-fertilisation, fertilisation and post-fertilisation events. Pre-fertilisation events include gametogenesis and gamete transfer while post-fertilisation events include the formation of zygote and embryogenesis.
Organisms may be bisexual or unisexual. Sexuality in plants is varied, particularly in angiosperms, due to the production of diverse types of flowers. Plants are defined as monoecious and dioecious. Flowers may be bisexual or unisexual flowers.
Gametes are haploid in nature and usually a direct product of meiotic division except in haploid organisms where gametes are formed by mitosis.
In flowering plants, a special process called pollination ensures transfer of pollen grains which carry the pollen grains to the stigma.
Syngamy (fertilisation) occurs between the male and female gametes. Syngamy may occur either externally, outside the body of organisms or internally, inside the body. Syngamy leads to formation of a specialised cell called zygote.
The process of development of embryo from the zygote is called embryogenesis. In animals, the zygote starts developing soon after its formation. Animals may be either oviparous or viviparous. Embryonal protection and care are better in viviparous organisms.
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1. This mind map or brain map is a summary of whole chapter in just few pages, generally 4 pages.
2. You can revise quickly each and every concept of Biology for your all sorts of exams, especially NEET and Class 11 or Class 12.
3. Questions in NEET are kind of mixture of deep concepts and unforgettable facts. This mind map provides you with every important fact in any chapter even if it is deeply buried among lines of NCERT.
4. Mind map is fully NCERT based and in easy English language to make it fully understandable for students. It follows latest syllabus by CBSE.
5. Watching the video along with downloading pdf file gives you a deep revision of concepts and facts both.
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