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Blood is a special connective tissue which is used to transport substances like enzymes, gases and waste materials from one part of the body to other.
Blood consists of two major parts - plasma and formed elements. 55% of the blood is plasma while formed elements constitute 45% of the blood.
Plasma is a liquid part of blood which is straw coloured liquid. 90 to 92% of plasma is water and 6 to 8% is protein. Plasma have three types of protein albumin, globumin,
Blood plasma without clotting factor is known as serum.
Red blood cells are also called erythrocytes. In blood there are about 4.5 to 5.5 million RBCs per millimetre cube of blood. RBC are red color, circular, biconcave cells. RBCs don't have nucleus, that is there enucleated. This is because all of the inner space in RBC is used to carry oxygen. RBCs also lack cell organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria etc.
RBCs are formed in red bone marrow and they have a life of 120 days. After 120 days RBCs are ruptured in spleen which is called as graveyard of the RBC.
WBCs are also known as leukocytes. There are about 5000 to 8000 WBCs per Milimeter cube of blood. WBCs are colourless and irregular or ameboid in shape. They have nucleus and they help in defence of the body. These are also formed in bone marrow.
There are two type of WBCs - Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophil are different types of Granulocytes. Lymphocyte and monocyte are Agranulocytes. Neutrophils are most abundant WBCs which are 60 - 65% of total WBCS and basophil are least abundant (0.5 to 1%).
Platelets are also called thombrocytes. They are cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes. Platelets are about 1.5 lakh to 3.5 lakh per millimetre cube of blood. A major role of platelet is in clotting of blood.
ABO blood grouping is based on presence or absence of antigens on the surface of RBCs. This antigens are named a and b person with blood group A have a antigen and Anti-B antibodies in their blood. Person with blood group b will have B antigen on their surface and Anti-A antibodies.
Blood group O is called as universal donor due to absence of any antigen. Blood group ab is called universal recipient because of no antibodies in its plasma.
RH antigen, similar to present in Rhesus monkey is also observed on the surface or of RBC of nearly 80% of human. Those who have this Rh antigen are called Rh positive and those home this antigen is not present are called Rh negative.
A special case of RH incompatibility aur mismatching is seen in the second or further pregnancy of a woman where mother is Rh negative and child is Rh positive. If there blood is mixed it can create a condition called Erythroblastosis foetalis.
If we get hurt such that our blood starts coming out of our body, a series of reactions known as cascade process is carried out by body to form Clot and stop blood loss.
Lymph is a fluid also called as interstitial fluid or tissue fluid. Lymph does not have any RBC. When blood passes through capillaries some water along with many water soluble substances move out to the species between the cells and this fluid is called as lymph. Functions - It drains excess of tissue fluid from extra cellular spaces back into the blood. It contain lymphocytes and antibodies.
Heart is a mesodermally derived organ. Human heart has four chambers - 2 atria and 2 ventricles. The left atria and ventrical contains oxygenated blood while the right part of heart pumps deoxygenated blood.
Many walls like semi lunar valve, tricuspid and bicuspid valve are also found in heart. These valves insure unidirectional flow of blood in heart. The valves between right atrium and right ventricle is tricuspid while between left atrium and ventricle is bicuspid or mitral value. The opening of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and the opening of left ventricle in to aorta are guarded by semilunar values.
Each peak in the ECG is identified with a letter from P to T that corresponds to a specific electrical activity of the heart. The P-wave represents the electrical excitation (or depolarisation) of the atria, which leads to the contraction of both the atria.
The QRS complex represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiates the ventricular contraction. The contraction starts shortly after Q and marks the beginning of the systole. The T-wave represents the return of the ventricles from excited to normal state (repolarisation). The end of the T-wave marks the end of systole.
Functions of Blood -
Transport, of food, respiratory gases (O2 and CO2), hormones, metabolic intermediates, waste products, supply of raw materials, regulation of water balance, regulation of pH and body temperature, and provides immunity.
Hypertension (High blood Pressure) : It results from narrowing of arterial lumen and reduced elasticity of arterial walls in old age. It can cause rupturing of capillaries.
Coronary Artery Disease : (CAD) Atherosclerosis. The supply of the blood to heart muscles is affected. It is “caused by deposits of Calcium, fat, cholesterol and fibrous tissues to make the lumen of arteries narrower.
Angina Pectoris : Caused due to arteriosclerosis, when no enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle due to which the person experiences acute chest pain.
Heart attack : Caused when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an inadequate blood supply.
Cardiac arrest : The state in which the heart stops beating.
Arteriosclerosis : The state of hardening of arteries and arterioles due to thickening of the fibrous tissue and consequent loss of elasticity. It causes hypertension.
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