Biodiversity and Conservation Mind map Class 12 Chapter 15 NCERT Solutions
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Question 1. Name the three important components of biodiversity.
Ans. Different type of living forms like plants animals insects microbes etc together form biodiversity. Biodiversity can have 3 components -
(i) Species diversity
(ii) Genetic diversity
(iii) Ecosystem diversity
2. How do ecologists estimate the total number of species present in the world?
Ans. Since there is very large number of organisms present on earth, it is impossible to count every Organism. Also many Organisms are present in very harsh habitats which are very hard to explore. So, Ecologists try to estimate the total number of species by looking for patterns in biodiversity. For example space is diversity decreases when we move from equator to poles. This pattern in diversity gives an estimate number of different types of living forms present throughout the world.
Question 3. Give three hypotheses for explaining why tropics show the greatest levels of species richness.
Ans. Three hypothesis that explain the greater level of diversity in tropical regions than temperate reasons are -
(a) Speciation is a function of time. Temperate reasons frequently get covered in ice tropical regions often remain unchanged for millions of years giving more time for formation of new species.
(b) Tropical areas receive more sunlight then temperate regions.
(c) tropical reasons are less signal than temperate ones.
Question 4. What is the significance of the slope of regression in a species-area relationship?
Ans. Regression coefficient (z) is slope of Graph between species richness and area. It helps us to understand effect of different factors on a particular factor which is related to species richness. Ecologists have discovered that the value of z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2, regardless of the taxonomic group or the region. But, if you analyse very large areas like the entire continents, you will find that the slope of the line to be much steeper (z values in the range of 0.6 to 1.2). For example, for frugivorous (fruit-eating) birds and mammals in the tropical forests of different continents, the slope is found to be 1.15.
Question 5. What are the major causes of species losses in a geographical region?
Ans. Biodiversity is declining at a very high rate. The four major reasons for loss of biodiversity (The evil Quartet) are -
(i) Habitat loss and fragmentation – Due to increasing human population, people have started clearing forests to make home. Deforestation, mining, burn agriculture is resulting in loss of habitat for wildlife. Also, we started breaking up habitat into smaller pieces affecting the animals like birds and mammals that need large area to live in.
(ii) Co-extinction – If one species is living in obligatory relationship with other, then, when first species is lost, second species will also get extinct. Hence, the extinction of one species causes the extinction of the other. For example, the extinction of host fish would cause the extinction of its obligate parasite.
(iii) Over-exploitation – Over exploitation occurs when 'need' turns to 'greed' . Humans have caused species extinction due to over-exploitation and over-hunting of different plants and animals. Extinction of passenger pigeons is result of over exploitation.
(iv) Alien species invasions – Introduction of non-native species into a habitat causes the extinction of indigenous species. Example – Introduction of Nile perch In Lake Victoria caused the extinction of more than two hundred species of native fishes.
6. How is biodiversity important for ecosystem functioning?
Ans. Available soon.
In order to help promote the conservation of biodiversity, here is a comprehensive article on the topic that outlines the importance of biodiversity, the threats to biodiversity, and potential solutions to address this global crisis.
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, and is essential for sustaining life on our planet. It includes the diversity of species, ecosystems, and the genetic diversity within species. Biodiversity is important for a variety of reasons, including: providing food, fuel, and medicine; regulating climate; purifying air and water; and providing habitat for other species.
Unfortunately, biodiversity is being lost at an alarming rate due to human activities such as deforestation, over-exploitation of resources, pollution, and climate change. These activities are having a severe impact on the natural environment, resulting in the destruction of essential habitats, loss of species, and degradation of ecosystems.
In order to protect and conserve biodiversity, a number of approaches can be taken. These include: establishing protected areas; developing sustainable resource management practices; promoting the restoration of degraded ecosystems; and encouraging the use of renewable energy sources. In addition, increasing public awareness about the importance of biodiversity and the threats it faces is essential for inspiring people to take action and protect our natural world.
It is clear that conservation of biodiversity is of utmost importance for the health of our planet. With concerted efforts from individuals, governments, and organizations, we can ensure that the world’s biodiversity is preserved for generations to come.
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